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 [偶是好学生] Differences between Spanish & Portuguese |
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三毛流浪记
头衔: 海归中将
声望: 院士
性别:  年龄: 46
加入时间: 2006/07/03
文章: 4163
海归分: 631762
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作者：三毛流浪记 在 海归茶馆 发贴, 来自【海归网】 http://www.haiguinet.com
偶们风情的斑竹野猫老师在酒吧一天一个小卫星，还不忘借机猛拍八袋同志的MP。
偶作为一个上课总坐第一排（大学以前），考试总拿９０分（除了物理，因为老师不是麻小爱），五讲四美三热爱的好学生，在看着野猫老师的帖子傻笑了半天之后，一转身儿，就投入到学习的海洋之中。
以下与喜欢语言的童鞋们分享
Portuguese and Spanish share a fairly great number of words that are either spelled identically (although they may be pronounced slightly differently), almost identically (though they may be pronounced more or less the same) or predictably similar. Consider for example the following paragraph, taken from the Gramática Esencial del Español, by Manuel Seco, and compare it to the Portuguese rendition below, noting the extensive lexical similarity and the only slight changes in word order:
- Pero, a pesar de esta variedad de posibilidades que la voz posee, sería un muy pobre instrumento de comunicación si no contara más que con ella. La capacidad de expresión del hombre no dispondría de más medios que la de los animales. La voz, sola, es para el hombre apenas una materia informe, que para convertirse en un instrumento perfecto de comunicación debe ser sometida a un cierto tratamiento. Esa manipulación que recibe la voz son las "articulaciones".
- Porém, apesar desta variedade de possibilidades que a voz possui, seria um instrumento de comunicação muito pobre se não contasse com mais que isso. A capacidade de expressão do homem não disporia de mais meios que a dos animais. A voz, sozinha, é para o homem apenas uma matéria informe, que para se converter num instrumento perfeito de comunicação deve ser submetida a um certo tratamento. Essa manipulação que a voz recebe são as "articulações".
Some common words are however quite different in the two languages, for instance:
"Shop, store" in Spanish: tienda
in Portuguese: loja
A similar word exists in Portuguese, tenda, but means "tent"
Vocabulary
Overview
Vocabulary differences between the two languages arose from various factors:
* Orthography: some words are spelled differently, in spite of having the same origin and similar pronunciation: compare Spanish mayor with Portuguese maior "bigger/larger", or Spanish Miño with Portuguese Minho.
* Divergent phonetic evolution: ya / já "already", veces / vezes "times", visión / visão "vision", ojalá / oxalá "hopefully".
* Substratum differences. Spanish kept most of the Mozarabic vocabulary of Arabic origin, while Portuguese did not have a Mozarabic substratum as large, and in many cases replaced it eventually with Latin roots: albañil / pedreiro "stonemason".
* Influences from other European languages during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Portuguese received a great deal of French influence, while Spanish was more autonomous and Mediterranean-oriented.
* Influences from other languages (Amerindian, African, or Asian). For example, compare the Spanish and Portuguese main words for:
"pineapple": piña (from the Spanish word for "pine cone") / abacaxi or ananás (from Tupi);
"tea", té (from the Min Nan dialect of Chinese) / chá (from the Cantonese dialect of Chinese).
* Semantic change, producing cognates that look similar but mean different things (false friends): diseñar means "to design" in Spanish, while its cognate desenhar means "to draw" in Portuguese.
* Words that have two forms in one language, but just one in the other: Portuguese criar corresponds to both Spanish crear "to create" and criar "to raise", while Spanish sueño corresponds to both Portuguese sonho "dream" and sono "sleep."
Days of the week
Unlike the other Romance languages, and to a lesser extent, English, modern Portuguese does not use the Roman planetary system for the days Monday through Friday. Instead, it is numerical, and derived from Ecclesiastical Latin. The word feira refers to a "fair" or "market." All days in both languages are masculine, except the "feira" days in Portuguese, which are feminine.
Spanish Portuguese English
lunes segunda-feira Monday
martes terça-feira Tuesday
miércoles quarta-feira Wednesday
jueves quinta-feira Thursday
viernes sexta-feira Friday
sábado sábado Saturday
domingo domingo Sunday
In actual usage, the word feira is more often than not dropped when not necessary to avoid confusion:
Vou visitar você na segunda. - I'll visit you on Monday.
Cognates
Apart from a considerable number of false friends, there are also some cognate words whose meaning is broader in one language than in the other. Some examples:
"Todo" and "tudo"
The Spanish indefinite pronoun todo can mean "all/every", or "everything". Portuguese distinguishes between todo "all/every" and tudo "everything" (used when the referent is an indefinite object or abstraction).
Todo insecto tiene seis patas. (Spanish)
Todo o inse(c)to tem seis patas. (Portuguese)
Every insect has six legs.
El ladrón robó todo. (Spanish)
O ladrão roubou tudo. (Portuguese)
"The thief stole everything," or "The thief stole it all."
"Muy," "mucho," and "muito"
Spanish distinguishes the adjective mucho "much/many" from the adverb muy "very/quite". Portuguese uses muito for both. (The cognate mui existed in ancient Portuguese, but has fallen into disuse.)
Saqué muchas fotos durante el viaje. (Spanish)
Tirei muitas fotos durante a viagem. (Portuguese)
I took many photos during the trip.
Las cerezas están muy maduras. (Spanish)
As cerejas estão muito maduras. (Portuguese)
The cherries are quite ripe.
As an adjective, muito is inflected according to the gender and number of the noun it qualifies, like mucho. As an adverb, it is invariable like muy. Thus, it would be incorrect to say *muitas maduras in the second example.
Cardinal numbers
The cardinal numbers are very similar in Spanish and Portuguese, but there is a difference in numbers one and two. Spanish has different words for un ("a", "an"; masculine singular indefinite article) and uno ("one"; numeral or pronoun); e.g. página uno "page one". In Portuguese both words are the same, um. Spanish uno can be used like the English generic "one", to represent an indeterminate subject. This is not possible with Portuguese um; the reflexive pronoun se is used instead.
Uno debe pensar antes de actuar. (Spanish)
Deve-se pensar antes de agir (Portuguese)
One should think before acting.
This still applies in cases where a relatively indeterminate subject is genderized, such as the Spanish todos a una ("all as one," literally "all to one"). It should be rewritten in Portuguese without any cardinal number. For example, todos juntos "all together".
On the other hand, in Portuguese cardinal number "two" inflects with gender (dois if masculine, duas if feminine), while in Spanish dos is used for both.
Uno más uno es igual a dos. (Spanish)
Um mais um é igual a dois. (Portuguese)
One plus one equals two.
Dos cabezas piensan mejor que una. (Spanish)
Duas cabeças pensam melhor que uma. (Portuguese)
Two heads think better than one.
Gender
Spanish has three forms for the singular definite article, el, masculine, la, feminine, and lo, neuter. The last is used with adjectives to form abstract nouns employed in a generic sense, and also to intensify the meaning of adjectives. In Portuguese, there is only o, masculine, and a, feminine. Literary Spanish has also three corresponding third person pronouns, él "he", ella "she", and ello "it", while Portuguese has only ele, masculine, and ela, feminine. Lo and ello have no plural forms, because los and ellos means the (plural, masculine) and they (masculine), respectively.
Some words are masculine in Spanish, but feminine in Portuguese, or vice versa. A common example are nouns ended in -aje in Spanish, which are normally masculine, and their Portuguese cognates ending in -agem, which are feminine. For example, Spanish el viaje "the voyage" (masculine, like French le voyage and Italian il viaggio) corresponds to the Portuguese feminine a viagem. Similarly, el puente, el dolor, or el árbol are masculine nouns in Spanish, whereas a ponte, a dor, and a árvore are feminine in Portuguese. On the other hand, the Spanish feminine la leche "the milk" corresponds to Portuguese o leite (masculine, like French le lait, Italian il latte). Likewise, nariz (nose) is feminine in Spanish and masculine in Portuguese.
Use of the definite article
In many varieties of Portuguese, personal names are normally preceded by a definite article, a trait also found in Catalan. This is a relatively recent development, which some Brazilian dialects have not adopted yet, most notably in the Brazilian Northeast. In those dialects of Portuguese that do regularly use definite articles before proper nouns, the article may be omitted for extra formality, or to show distance in a literary narrative. Compare, for example, Eng. "Mary left", Spanish María salió, Port. A Maria saiu.
Portuguese also uses the definite article before the names of most countries (a notable exception is Portugal itself), and many cities. In Spanish, country and city names are typically not accompanied by an article, although there are exceptions (e.g. los Estados Unidos de América, la China, el Japón, etc.) However, even in these cases, Spanish does not always require a preceding definite article.
Santiago es la capital de Chile. (Spanish)
Santiago é a capital do Chile. (Portuguese)
Santiago is the capital of Chile.
Él es de Costa Rica, que está en América Central. (Spanish)
Ele é da Costa Rica, que fica na América Central. (Portuguese)
He is from Costa Rica, which is in Central America.
Tengo un billete a los Estados Unidos de América. (Spanish)
Tenho um bilhete para os Estados Unidos da América. (Portuguese)
I have a ticket to the United States of America.
Portuguese omits the definite article in stating the time of day unless para as is used.
Son las nueve y quince. (Spanish)
São nove e quinze. (Portuguese)
It’s nine fifteen.
In addition, in most dialects of Portuguese the definite article is used before possessive adjectives (like in Italian), which is not possible in Spanish. For instance, the sentence "This is my brother" is Este es mi hermano in Spanish, but may be Este é o meu irmão in Portuguese. Nevertheless, in some Brazilian dialects (mostly in the Northeast) the article is not used: Este é meu irmão.
Possessives
In Portuguese, all possessive adjectives agree with the gender of the possessed being, while in Spanish this happens only with nuestro/nuestra "our" and vuestro/vuestra "your" [plural]. These adjectives are normally preceded by a definite article in Portuguese, but not in Spanish.
Mi padre nació tres años antes de mi madre. (Spanish)
O meu pai nasceu três anos antes da minha mãe. (Portuguese)
My father was born three years before my mother.
Pienso que sus manzanas son mejores que sus tomates. (Spanish)
Penso que as suas maçãs são melhores do que os seus tomates. (Portuguese)
I think their apples are better than their tomatoes.
On the other hand, possessive pronouns do show gender in Spanish, and they are different from the possessive adjectives. In Portuguese, they are the same as the adjectives (but in this case the definite article is mandatory).
Mi casa es más grande que la suya. (Spanish)
A minha casa é maior que a sua. (Portuguese)
My house is bigger than theirs.
这篇东西写的非常好，非常详尽，这只是一部分，后面还有很多从语音，语法方面进行的很多比较。如果哪位同学有兴趣我继续贴。（黑版您就甭举手了，您是谁呀，一句话咱还不就直接打包给您送家里去。。。）
作者：三毛流浪记 在 海归茶馆 发贴, 来自【海归网】 http://www.haiguinet.com
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 [偶是好学生] Differences between Spanish & Portuguese -- 三毛流浪记 - (12331 Byte) 2008-10-13 周一, 01:54 (1052 reads)
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